Climate evidence and influence

Findings

NASA’s scientific assessment

NASA’s scientific assessment identifies human activities as the principal cause of recent warming.

Copernicus annual temperature figures

Copernicus ranks 2025 third in ERA5, at 1.47°C above 1850–1900, compared with 1.60°C for 2024.

Follow the funding links

Brulle’s study maps 5,299 grants totaling $558 million from 140 foundations to 91 organizations during 2003–2010. The recipients carried out multiple activities.

January 2015 Senate votes

The Senate held separate votes in January 2015 on acknowledging climate change and on acknowledging its human causes. The roll calls record the amendment wording and each senator’s vote.

The findings of the CRU inquiry

The parliamentary CRU inquiry reported that it had not found systematic scientific deception in the evidence it examined. It also criticized disclosure practices.

Funding records: 2023–2024

The comparison uses 2023–2024 FEC committee summaries and transaction records retrieved September 12, 2026. The selected committees include oil-company PACs, API PAC, First Solar PAC, ACP CLEANPOWER PAC, NextEra Energy PAC, environmental super PACs and Senate Leadership Fund. Each table identifies its reporting period and financial measure.

Company and trade-association PACs

During 2023–2024, Chevron Employees PAC reported $1,514,146.50 in disbursements, ExxonMobil PAC $1,019,635 and ConocoPhillips SPIRIT PAC $470,175. First Solar PAC reported $164,512 and ACP CLEANPOWER PAC $469,575.55. NextEra Energy PAC reported $2,480,485.19. NextEra’s business includes renewable generation, gas and other utility operations. The table compares these selected company and trade-association PACs over the same two years.

Advocacy and super-PAC spending

LCV Victory Fund reported $84,289,736.28 in disbursements, including $46,685,018.06 in independent expenditures. EDF Action Votes reported $19,061,705.69 and $10,871,401.77 respectively. Climate Power Action reported $10,389,906.13 in disbursements and zero in its own independent-expenditure field, alongside the transfers listed below. Senate Leadership Fund is a multipurpose Republican super PAC. The table shows each committee’s full reported activity.

Both parties receive funding: a defined candidate-cash subset

The table sums non-memo type-24K cash records dated in 2023–2024, including negative adjustments, joined by candidate ID to the FEC cycle master. Republican, Democratic, Independent and unmatched entries are shown. FEC bulk amounts are whole dollars. Party affiliation comes from the cycle-master snapshot. Party-committee transfers, other PAC transfers, in-kind contributions and independent expenditures appear in their respective channels.

Recorded payer-to-recipient routes

FEC recipient filings record $4.5 million from Chevron Corporation and $3.5 million from the American Petroleum Institute at Senate Leadership Fund during 2023–2024. LCV Inc. contributed $48.675 million to LCV Victory Fund. The selected onward transfers include $120,000 from Climate Power Action to LCV Victory Fund. Each route below lists one payer, one recipient and its recorded amount. A transfer is recorded at both ends of the same flow.

Campaign payments and dated climate statements

API PAC contributed $5,000 to Ted Cruz’s committee on November 10, 2023 and $5,000 on September 19, 2024. In a December 8, 2015 hearing statement, Cruz asserted that satellite data showed no significant warming for 18 years. The same FEC scan records oil PAC contributions to Lizzie Fletcher’s committee. Her February 27, 2019 opening statement recognized climate change and primarily human causation. The campaign transactions and public statements retain their respective dates and sources.

Heartland’s account of Exxon funding

Heartland acknowledged Exxon support during 1998–2006 in its July 23, 2021 response. It described contributions of about $50,000 and a share below 5% of its annual budget. Heartland also stated that Exxon’s support did not fund its later NIPCC publications and conferences. Its publications challenge mainstream climate assessments. The earlier Brulle funding study and NASA’s scientific evidence remain linked separately.

Trump’s disclosed purchases and sales

Donald Trump’s annual disclosure covers reporting year 2025 and was received by OGE on June 29, 2026. The selected entries below record purchases and sales of securities in energy producers, pipeline companies and an oilfield-services company. Amounts retain the filing’s dollar bands. Page, investment-account and row references identify each entry.

Reported oil-related holdings

The JEC Minority’s August 2026 paper reports an overall oil/gas holding range of about $12.5 million–$45.6 million. Its nine issuer rows reproduced below sum to $10,110,067–$39,155,000; the paper also names additional companies. The table reproduces the staff’s issuer estimates, with the source attribution and disclosed bounds retained.

What 31,400 MBOE means

31,400 million barrels of oil equivalent means about 31.4 billion barrels of combined oil-equivalent energy. In the East Greenland table, oil alone is 8,902.13 million barrels, about 8.9 billion; gas is about 86.2 trillion cubic feet, and natural-gas liquids about 8.1 billion barrels. These are mean undiscovered conventional resources. The 2019 geological account says Jameson Land and its subvolcanic extension were not quantitatively assessed in this regional total.

Greenland petroleum-system studies

The Hareelv study examines source rocks from a 233.8-metre cored succession at Blokelv-1 in Jameson Land. The GEUS seep inventory records natural hydrocarbon occurrences and their geological context. A separate USGS West Greenland–East Canada assessment, published in 2025, estimates 7.8 billion barrels of undiscovered oil across that shared province.

Minerals and dated strategic statements

GEUS identifies 24 of the EU’s 34 critical raw materials in Greenland. Its review covers rare-earth minerals, graphite, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, titanium, vanadium and other commodities. About 80% of Greenland is ice-covered. On January 7, 2025, Trump declined to rule out military force over Greenland. At Davos on January 21, 2026, he said he would not use force, while stating a national-security interest.

Greenland project agreements and corporate roles

Greenland Energy describes an agreement to fund two exploration wells and earn up to a 70% interest in the Jameson Land project. Its account identifies 80 Mile and subsidiary White Flame as licence owners and Halliburton as a contractor. September 2026 documents announce indicative merger terms between Greenland Energy and 80 Mile, subject to conditions. The Guardian reported an August 2026 drilling delay.

Disclosed holdings and the filed consulting contract

Trump’s 2025 disclosure lists Halliburton in investment account 1, row 216, at $15,001–$50,000, with dividends of $201–$1,000. It separately lists purchases on October 10, October 29 and December 17, 2025, each at $1,001–$15,000. Halliburton Energy Services and March GL signed a consulting agreement on April 11, 2025. Greenland Energy’s Q1 2026 filing identifies March GL as a wholly owned subsidiary after the March 25 corporate combination.

Equipment, permission and drilling plans

Greenland’s July 30 notice names White Flame Energy as the licence holder responsible for moving equipment to Nerlerit Inaat without the required approval. A former approval had expired. The government issued a formal warning and allowed the equipment to remain in agreed airport storage. On August 12, it said the required assessments and consultation could not be completed for winter 2026/2027. Greenland Energy’s SEC-filed response describes a targeted winter-2027 permitting timeline.

Energy holdings by account and reported income

The table records all 49 matching Part 6 entries for these six issuers in Trump’s 2025 annual disclosure. Each entry retains its account label, row number, printed page, value category and reported income. The filing was received June 29, 2026.

Purchases and sales during 2025

The six-issuer extraction contains 251 transaction entries in Part 7. Purchase and sale columns sum the lower and upper bounds of the disclosed transactions. They describe transaction amounts; acquisition cost for positions still held, dividends and realized gains are separate disclosure measures.