Climate change

Track global temperature, atmospheric CO₂, ice sheets and sea level through time.

Calculated absolute global surface temperatures in °F and °C; CO₂ in parts per million.

The timeline begins in AD 760, 1,000 years before the approximately 1760 start of the Industrial Revolution.

Historical temperatures are reconstructed estimates. Absolute values use the Met Office’s published 14.0 °C reference plus the source series; conversion adds reference uncertainty.

Rows are single-year snapshots every ten years.

Related Reports

• Greenland ice mass lost
• Antarctic ice mass lost
• Afghanistan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Albania — annual CO₂ emissions
• Algeria — annual CO₂ emissions
• Andorra — annual CO₂ emissions
• Angola — annual CO₂ emissions
• Anguilla — annual CO₂ emissions
• Antigua and Barbuda — annual CO₂ emissions
• Argentina — annual CO₂ emissions
• Armenia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Aruba — annual CO₂ emissions
• Australia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Austria — annual CO₂ emissions
• Azerbaijan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bahamas — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bahrain — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bangladesh — annual CO₂ emissions
• Barbados — annual CO₂ emissions
• Belarus — annual CO₂ emissions
• Belgium — annual CO₂ emissions
• Belize — annual CO₂ emissions
• Benin — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bermuda — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bhutan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bosnia and Herzegovina — annual CO₂ emissions
• Botswana — annual CO₂ emissions
• Brazil — annual CO₂ emissions
• British Virgin Islands — annual CO₂ emissions
• Brunei Darussalam — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bulgaria — annual CO₂ emissions
• Burkina Faso — annual CO₂ emissions
• Burundi — annual CO₂ emissions
• Cambodia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Canada — annual CO₂ emissions
• Cape Verde — annual CO₂ emissions
• Central African Republic — annual CO₂ emissions
• Chad — annual CO₂ emissions
• Chile — annual CO₂ emissions
• China — annual CO₂ emissions
• Colombia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Comoros — annual CO₂ emissions
• Congo — annual CO₂ emissions
• Cook Islands — annual CO₂ emissions
• Costa Rica — annual CO₂ emissions
• Côte d'Ivoire — annual CO₂ emissions
• Croatia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Cuba — annual CO₂ emissions
• Curaçao — annual CO₂ emissions
• Cyprus — annual CO₂ emissions
• Czechia — annual CO₂ emissions
• North Korea — annual CO₂ emissions
• Democratic Republic of the Congo — annual CO₂ emissions
• Denmark — annual CO₂ emissions
• Djibouti — annual CO₂ emissions
• Dominica — annual CO₂ emissions
• Dominican Republic — annual CO₂ emissions
• Ecuador — annual CO₂ emissions
• Egypt — annual CO₂ emissions
• El Salvador — annual CO₂ emissions
• Equatorial Guinea — annual CO₂ emissions
• Eritrea — annual CO₂ emissions
• Estonia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Ethiopia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Faeroe Islands — annual CO₂ emissions
• Micronesia (Federated States of) — annual CO₂ emissions
• Fiji — annual CO₂ emissions
• Finland — annual CO₂ emissions
• France — annual CO₂ emissions
• French Polynesia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Gabon — annual CO₂ emissions
• Gambia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Georgia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Germany — annual CO₂ emissions
• Ghana — annual CO₂ emissions
• Greece — annual CO₂ emissions
• Greenland — annual CO₂ emissions
• Grenada — annual CO₂ emissions
• Guatemala — annual CO₂ emissions
• Guinea — annual CO₂ emissions
• Guinea-Bissau — annual CO₂ emissions
• Guyana — annual CO₂ emissions
• Haiti — annual CO₂ emissions
• Honduras — annual CO₂ emissions
• Hong Kong — annual CO₂ emissions
• Hungary — annual CO₂ emissions
• Iceland — annual CO₂ emissions
• India — annual CO₂ emissions
• Indonesia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Iraq — annual CO₂ emissions
• Ireland — annual CO₂ emissions
• Iran — annual CO₂ emissions
• Israel — annual CO₂ emissions
• Italy — annual CO₂ emissions
• Jamaica — annual CO₂ emissions
• Japan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Jordan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Kazakhstan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Kenya — annual CO₂ emissions
• Kiribati — annual CO₂ emissions
• Kosovo — annual CO₂ emissions
• Kuwait — annual CO₂ emissions
• Kyrgyzstan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Laos — annual CO₂ emissions
• Latvia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Lebanon — annual CO₂ emissions
• Lesotho — annual CO₂ emissions
• Liberia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Libya — annual CO₂ emissions
• Liechtenstein — annual CO₂ emissions
• Lithuania — annual CO₂ emissions
• Luxembourg — annual CO₂ emissions
• Macao — annual CO₂ emissions
• North Macedonia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Madagascar — annual CO₂ emissions
• Malawi — annual CO₂ emissions
• Malaysia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Maldives — annual CO₂ emissions
• Mali — annual CO₂ emissions
• Malta — annual CO₂ emissions
• Marshall Islands — annual CO₂ emissions
• Mauritania — annual CO₂ emissions
• Mauritius — annual CO₂ emissions
• Mexico — annual CO₂ emissions
• Mongolia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Montenegro — annual CO₂ emissions
• Montserrat — annual CO₂ emissions
• Morocco — annual CO₂ emissions
• Mozambique — annual CO₂ emissions
• Myanmar — annual CO₂ emissions
• Namibia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Nauru — annual CO₂ emissions
• Nepal — annual CO₂ emissions
• Netherlands — annual CO₂ emissions
• New Caledonia — annual CO₂ emissions
• New Zealand — annual CO₂ emissions
• Nicaragua — annual CO₂ emissions
• Niger — annual CO₂ emissions
• Nigeria — annual CO₂ emissions
• Niue — annual CO₂ emissions
• Norway — annual CO₂ emissions
• State of Palestine — annual CO₂ emissions
• Oman — annual CO₂ emissions
• Pakistan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Palau — annual CO₂ emissions
• Panama — annual CO₂ emissions
• Papua New Guinea — annual CO₂ emissions
• Paraguay — annual CO₂ emissions
• Peru — annual CO₂ emissions
• Philippines — annual CO₂ emissions
• Bolivia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Poland — annual CO₂ emissions
• Portugal — annual CO₂ emissions
• Qatar — annual CO₂ emissions
• Cameroon — annual CO₂ emissions
• South Korea — annual CO₂ emissions
• Moldova — annual CO₂ emissions
• South Sudan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Sudan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Romania — annual CO₂ emissions
• Russia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Rwanda — annual CO₂ emissions
• Saint Helena — annual CO₂ emissions
• Saint Lucia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Sint Maarten (Dutch part) — annual CO₂ emissions
• Samoa — annual CO₂ emissions
• Sao Tome and Principe — annual CO₂ emissions
• Saudi Arabia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Senegal — annual CO₂ emissions
• Serbia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Seychelles — annual CO₂ emissions
• Sierra Leone — annual CO₂ emissions
• Singapore — annual CO₂ emissions
• Slovakia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Slovenia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Solomon Islands — annual CO₂ emissions
• Somalia — annual CO₂ emissions
• South Africa — annual CO₂ emissions
• Spain — annual CO₂ emissions
• Sri Lanka — annual CO₂ emissions
• Saint Kitts and Nevis — annual CO₂ emissions
• Saint Pierre and Miquelon — annual CO₂ emissions
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — annual CO₂ emissions
• Suriname — annual CO₂ emissions
• Eswatini — annual CO₂ emissions
• Sweden — annual CO₂ emissions
• Switzerland — annual CO₂ emissions
• Syria — annual CO₂ emissions
• Taiwan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Tajikistan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Thailand — annual CO₂ emissions
• Timor-Leste — annual CO₂ emissions
• Togo — annual CO₂ emissions
• Tonga — annual CO₂ emissions
• Trinidad and Tobago — annual CO₂ emissions
• Tunisia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Türkiye — annual CO₂ emissions
• Turkmenistan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Turks and Caicos Islands — annual CO₂ emissions
• Tuvalu — annual CO₂ emissions
• Uganda — annual CO₂ emissions
• Ukraine — annual CO₂ emissions
• United Arab Emirates — annual CO₂ emissions
• United Kingdom — annual CO₂ emissions
• Tanzania — annual CO₂ emissions
• USA — annual CO₂ emissions
• Uruguay — annual CO₂ emissions
• Uzbekistan — annual CO₂ emissions
• Vanuatu — annual CO₂ emissions
• Venezuela — annual CO₂ emissions
• Viet Nam — annual CO₂ emissions
• Wallis and Futuna Islands — annual CO₂ emissions
• Yemen — annual CO₂ emissions
• Zambia — annual CO₂ emissions
• Zimbabwe — annual CO₂ emissions
• Atmospheric CO₂
• Global temperature
• Global sea-level change
• Greenland ice mass change
• Antarctic ice mass change
• How CO₂ warms Earth
• North polar jet stream
• North subtropical jet stream
• South polar jet stream
• South subtropical jet stream
• Gulf Stream
• Kuroshio Current
• Agulhas Current

Sources and Records

1. Met Office / UEA — HadCRUT5.1.0.0 — Global annual analysis summary; °C anomaly relative to 1961–1990; 2.5% and 97.5% confidence limits retained.
2. NOAA GML — Global annual atmospheric CO₂ — Annual mean and uncertainty columns; ppm in dry air. Latest years may be revised.
3. Global Carbon Project — National fossil carbon emissions 2025 — Territorial Emissions worksheet, rows 12–187; 1850–2024. Source values MtC/year; multiplied by 3.664 for MtCO2/year. Download snapshot preserved with SHA256.
4. NASA — Causes of climate change — Enhanced greenhouse effect, human emissions and natural influences.
5. Met Office — absolute global annual temperature reference — FAQ: actual temperatures; Jones et al. (1999), 1961–1990 global annual average 14.0 °C
6. Copernicus / IMBIE — Ice-sheet mass change — Greenland 1972–2025, Antarctica 1979–2024; cumulative mass change and uncertainty. Latest values are preliminary.
7. Copernicus — Global sea level — Figure 1 downloadable daily CSV, cm and 90% uncertainty. Annual means derived from full calendar years; displayed relative to the derived 1993 annual mean.
8. Greenland ice mass change — numeric source — greenland.csv; cumulative mass and uncertainty columns. Last source sample per complete year; original fractional sample date retained.
9. Antarctic ice mass change — numeric source — imbie3_antarctica_Gt.csv; cumulative mass and uncertainty columns. Last source sample per complete year; original fractional sample date retained.
10. NOAA — Greenhouse gases and radiation — Infrared absorption, energy transfer and emission in multiple directions.
11. University of Colorado Boulder — Greenhouse Effect — Teaching simulation of sunlight and infrared radiation; a model, not an experimental measurement.
12. NOAA — What is the jet stream? — Four principal jets; generally west to east, with meanders. Geographic curves in Explorvia are educational schematics, not measured positions.
13. NASA SVS — Perpetual Ocean 2 — Global circulation visualization, including Gulf Stream, Kuroshio and Agulhas; ECCO-2 output 2021–2023. Explorvia paths are simplified educational illustrations.

AI generated report by Explorvia.com.